أخبار القارة الأوروبية – فرنسا
أصدر الرئيس الفرنسي ايمانويل ماكرون مؤخرا، قرارا بإلغاء “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة” ENA، واستبدالها بـ”معهد القطاع العام”، بعد ان كان قد وعد بذلك أثناء أزمة السترات الصفراء.
يشار أن إغلاق المدرسة كان وعدا انتخابيا لم يتمكن عدد من الرؤساء الفرنسيين من الوفاء به.
الدولة العميقة.. “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة”
أنشأت “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة” عام 1945، إثر الحرب العالمية الثانية في مدينة ستراسبورغ الفرنسية، بينما كان جهاز الدولة الفرنسية يعاني من نقص كبير في الكوادر اللازمة لإدارته، وقامت فكرة التأسيس على مبدأ الجدارة، ومنح الشباب المتفوق، بصرف النظر عن أصوله الاجتماعية، التأهيل اللازم لاحتلال مواقع الإدارة في أجهزة الدولة المختلفة.
ولكن التجربة، بحسب وسائل إعلام فرنسية، جاءت بنتيجة مختلفة، وبعد عشرين عاما، كانت الحصيلة أن طلاب وخريجي “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة” يقتصرون على طلاب لامعين وأبناء البرجوازية الباريسية الذين جاءوا من مدارس هذه الطبقة، ولم تضم المدرسة أيا من أبناء العمال أو من الشباب القادم من المدن والريف.
مع مرور السنوات، أصبحت الدولة الفرنسية تعتمد على مؤسستين للحصول على الكوادر التي تدير أجهزتها المختلفة، أولهما “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة” و”معهد العلوم السياسية” Science Po والذي لا يختلف كثيرا من حيث تركيبة طلابه الاجتماعية عن المدرسة.
خريجو المؤسستين الذين احتلوا المواقع الكبرى في الدولة، شكلوا شبكات علاقات ومصالح، بفضل العلاقات القوية التي تربط بينهم، وهي شبكات كانت مهمتها الأساسية مساعدة أعضائها على التقدم والتطور في مسارهم المهني الشخصي، واحتلال مواقع أكثر أهمية.
عمليا، يمكن القول في الربع الأول من القرن الحادي والعشرين أن خريجي المعهدين أصبحوا يحتلون كافة المناصب الأساسية والمفصلية في أجهزة الدولة، سواء في مجال الرقابة، إدارة الشركات الحكومية الكبرى، الدبلوماسية، كافة المواقع في مكاتب الوزراء ورئاسة الحكومة، المؤسسات الثقافية والإعلامية، حتى أنه أصبح من المستحيل على السياسي المنتخب – وإن كان من خريجي المدرسة – تنفيذ قرار إصلاحي أو تغيير ما إذا لم يوافق عليه خريجو “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة” العاملين في كافة الأجهزة التنفيذية.
الاقتصاد والإدارة
أحد الانتقادات الرئيسية تتعرض لمناهج الدراسة في هذه المدرسة، والتي أصبحت تقتصر على مجالي الاقتصاد والإدارة، وليس من المستغرب أن تجد المدير العام لإحدى المستشفيات أو المتاحف خريجا من “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة”، لا يفقه شيئا في الطب أو في الثقافة، وتقتصر مهمته على الإدارة وضبط الحسابات والميزانيات، دون معرفة مهنية حقيقية بمهمة المكان الذي يديره. بحسب “مونتي كارلو”.
ماكرون و”السترات الصفراء”
قدم إيمانويل ماكرون، وهو خريج “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة”، وعده للسترات الصفراء بإلغاء المدرسة، لأنها أصبحت رمزا في نظر رجل الشارع الفرنسي، لهيمنة النخبة على الدولة وإدارتها على طريقة المحاسبين، وأحيانا ضد مصلحة المواطن، وحتى ضد مصلحة هذه المؤسسات.
يبقى أن الرئيس الفرنسي سيقيم “معهد القطاع العام” كبديل يضمن المزيد من الاختلاط الاجتماعي في صفوف الدارسين، ولكن الأهم من ذلك هو فرض مرحلة عمل، على الدارسين، في أحد قطاعات سوق العمل المختلفة، بدء من الصناعة، التجارة، الصحة، الفن، الثقافة … الخ، لفترة من الزمن بحيث يدركون الأبعاد الكاملة لإحدى المهن، قبل أن يحتلوا موقعا في جهاز الدولة.
هذه هي الرغبة المعلنة اليوم، ولكننا كنا قد شاهدنا، قبل 75 عاما، رغبة أخرى معلنة، ولا تقل احتراما عن هذه الرغبة الحالية، ولكن الرغبة القديمة التي قامت على أساسها “المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة” ENA، لم تتحقق.
ولكن حكومات بعض دول العالم كانت معجبة بتجربة هذه المدرسة، حتى أن بلدا مثل مصر، وقع قبل بضعة أعوام اتفاقية مع فرنسا لإنشاء مدرسة مشابهة في مصر، فهل سيأخذ المشروع في مصر المراجعات الفرنسية للفكرة بعين الاعتبار؟
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