أخبار القارة الأوروبية_ فرنسا
حذرت السلطات الفرنسية من تعبئة شعبية واسعة قد تهدد بانفجار اجتماعي بعد تزايد قلق الفرنسيين من تردي الأوضاع المعيشية بسبب ارتفاع الأسعار واستعداد حكومة الرئيس إيمانويل ماكرون للإعلان عن أليات جديدة لإصلاح نظام التقاعد.
وتتخوف السلطات الفرنسية من الكيفية التي يمكن أن يترجم بها هذا التذمر الشعبي.
من المنتظر أن تعرض الحكومة، من خلال رئيسة وزرائها إليزابيت بورن، خياراتها لمستقبل نظام المعاشات التقاعدية والتي من بين نقاطها، التأجيل المحتمل للسن القانوني للتقاعد عند 64 عاماً.
يشهد المناخ الاجتماعي في البلاد توتراً شديداً، ما يقلق السلطات. ففي مذكرة استخباراتية صدرت بتاريخ 6 يناير- كانون الثاني، أعرب جهاز الشرطة عن مخاوفه من تعبئة شعبية قوية.
مظاهرات للأطباء في فرنسا للمطالبة برفع الأجور
وأرجعت مذكرة الاستخبارات الفرنسية أسباب هذه التعبئة إلى ارتفاع أسعار الطاقة الذي بات يشكل خطراً على استمرار العديد من الأنشطة التجارية والحرفية. وكتب ضباط الشرطة في المذكرة أن “عام 2023 سيكون صعباً، مع مطالب قوية لرفع الأجور في القطاعين العام والخاص”.
تشير هذه المذكرة إلى توقع إضرابات طويلة الأمد بالإضافة إلى المظاهرات المحتملة والتي من المنتظر أن يتم الإعلان عنها من طرف النقابات العمالية بعد نهاية خطاب رئيسة الوزراء الثلاثاء.
وجاء في المذكرة أنه “بخلاف المواكب التقليدية على الطرق العامة، يمكن أن تؤدي حركة التعبئة هذه إلى إضرابات طويلة الأمد في العديد من القطاعات الرئيسية للاقتصاد مثل الإجراءات التي اتخذتها نقابة المصافي “سيه جيه تيه” في الخريف الماضي”.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك، سلطت المذكرة الضوء على الوضع الصعب الذي يعيشه “الحرفيون الصغار”، بما في ذلك الخبازين وأصحاب المطاعم واللحامين الذين شكلوا افتتاحية نشرات الأخبار لعدة أيام بسبب انفجار فواتير الكهرباء الخاصة بهم.
تطرقت المذكرة كذلك للتحركات والاحتجاجات التي يمكن أن تندلع خارج إطار النقابات العمالية، كما كان الحال في نهاية العام 2022 أثناء الإضرابات التي شلت المصافي بعيداً عن نداءات النقابات.
وجاء في نص المذكرة “لقد تم إطلاق العديد من التحركات من قبل مجموعات من العمال، خارج أي إطار نقابي. يبدو أن هذه الطريقة للدفاع عن المصالح المهنية أصبحت أكثر شيوعاً بين الموظفين، على حساب الإجراءات التقليدية التي تتخذها النقابات”.
وتابعت المذكرة أن “أنماط التعبئة هذه الأقل تنظيماً، تثير قلقاً كبيراً في كل من الشركات وداخل النقابات العمالية وتحث على أساليب الأعمال التخريبية وغير المتوقعة بالضرورة”.
أخيراً، تشير مذكرة الاستخبارات إلى أن الارتفاع في أسعار الطاقة الذي يعد المحرك الأولي لحركة السترات الصفراء والتضخم يبدو أنه يحفز هذه الحركة ومعارضي اللقاحات ضد كوفيد لمضاعفة الاحتجاجات.
في الأشهر الأخيرة، لم تحقق مسيرات معارضي اللقاحات وحركة السترات الصفراء نجاحاً كبيراً داخل المجتمع لكن فشل التعبئة لا ينبغي أن يخفي تصاعد السخط المرتبط بتدهور القوة الشرائية.
خلال عطلة نهاية الأسبوع الماضي، حشدت أولى المظاهرات التي دعت إليها حركة السترات الصفراء حوالي 4700 شخص، من بينهم 2000 في باريس، للتنديد بسياسة إيمانويل ماكرون وإصلاح نظام التقاعد في المستقبل.
Understanding COSC Accreditation and Its Importance in Watchmaking
COSC Certification and its Stringent Criteria
COSC, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the authorized Switzerland testing agency that verifies the accuracy and precision of wristwatches. COSC accreditation is a mark of quality craftsmanship and reliability in timekeeping. Not all watch brands follow COSC accreditation, such as Hublot, which instead follows to its own stringent standards with mechanisms like the UNICO calibre, reaching equivalent accuracy.
The Science of Precision Timekeeping
The core mechanism of a mechanized timepiece involves the spring, which provides energy as it loosens. This system, however, can be susceptible to environmental elements that may impact its accuracy. COSC-accredited mechanisms undergo demanding testing—over 15 days in various circumstances (five positions, three temperatures)—to ensure their durability and reliability. The tests measure:
Typical daily rate accuracy between -4 and +6 seconds.
Mean variation, peak variation levels, and impacts of thermal changes.
Why COSC Validation Is Important
For timepiece aficionados and collectors, a COSC-certified watch isn’t just a piece of tech but a testament to lasting quality and precision. It symbolizes a timepiece that:
Presents excellent reliability and precision.
Offers confidence of quality across the complete construction of the watch.
Is apt to maintain its value more efficiently, making it a smart investment.
Famous Chronometer Manufacturers
Several renowned brands prioritize COSC accreditation for their watches, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, presents collections like the Record and Spirit, which highlight COSC-validated movements equipped with innovative substances like silicone equilibrium suspensions to enhance durability and performance.
Historic Context and the Evolution of Timepieces
The idea of the chronometer originates back to the requirement for accurate chronometry for navigational at sea, highlighted by John Harrison’s work in the eighteenth century. Since the formal foundation of Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres in 1973, the validation has become a standard for judging the precision of high-end timepieces, continuing a tradition of superiority in watchmaking.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-certified timepiece is more than an aesthetic selection; it’s a commitment to excellence and accuracy. For those valuing precision above all, the COSC accreditation offers peace of mind, guaranteeing that each certified watch will function dependably under various circumstances. Whether for individual satisfaction or as an investment decision, COSC-validated timepieces stand out in the world of horology, maintaining on a tradition of precise chronometry.
Understanding COSC Accreditation and Its Importance in Watchmaking
COSC Certification and its Stringent Criteria
Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the official Switzerland testing agency that certifies the accuracy and precision of wristwatches. COSC accreditation is a sign of excellent craftsmanship and trustworthiness in chronometry. Not all timepiece brands pursue COSC accreditation, such as Hublot, which instead adheres to its proprietary stringent criteria with mechanisms like the UNICO, attaining similar precision.
The Science of Precision Timekeeping
The core system of a mechanized watch involves the mainspring, which supplies energy as it loosens. This system, however, can be prone to environmental elements that may impact its precision. COSC-validated mechanisms undergo demanding testing—over fifteen days in various conditions (five positions, 3 temperatures)—to ensure their durability and dependability. The tests assess:
Typical daily rate precision between -4 and +6 secs.
Mean variation, maximum variation levels, and impacts of temperature variations.
Why COSC Accreditation Is Important
For timepiece aficionados and collectors, a COSC-accredited timepiece isn’t just a item of technology but a proof to lasting quality and accuracy. It signifies a watch that:
Provides outstanding reliability and precision.
Provides guarantee of superiority across the whole construction of the timepiece.
Is likely to retain its value more efficiently, making it a smart choice.
Famous Timepiece Brands
Several renowned brands prioritize COSC certification for their watches, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, provides collections like the Record and Soul, which showcase COSC-accredited movements equipped with innovative substances like silicon equilibrium suspensions to boost resilience and efficiency.
Historic Background and the Development of Timepieces
The concept of the timepiece originates back to the requirement for exact timekeeping for navigation at sea, highlighted by John Harrison’s work in the 18th century. Since the official foundation of Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres in 1973, the accreditation has become a yardstick for assessing the accuracy of high-end timepieces, maintaining a tradition of superiority in horology.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-certified watch is more than an visual choice; it’s a dedication to quality and accuracy. For those appreciating precision above all, the COSC certification provides peacefulness of thoughts, guaranteeing that each accredited timepiece will function reliably under various circumstances. Whether for individual contentment or as an investment decision, COSC-validated timepieces stand out in the world of horology, carrying on a legacy of precise chronometry.
Rolex watches
Understanding COSC Accreditation and Its Importance in Horology
COSC Certification and its Strict Criteria
Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the authorized Switzerland testing agency that attests to the precision and precision of wristwatches. COSC accreditation is a mark of superior craftsmanship and trustworthiness in chronometry. Not all watch brands pursue COSC accreditation, such as Hublot, which instead follows to its own stringent standards with movements like the UNICO, reaching comparable precision.
The Art of Exact Chronometry
The core mechanism of a mechanized watch involves the spring, which provides power as it loosens. This mechanism, however, can be susceptible to external elements that may impact its precision. COSC-validated mechanisms undergo strict testing—over fifteen days in various conditions (5 positions, 3 temperatures)—to ensure their durability and dependability. The tests assess:
Average daily rate precision between -4 and +6 seconds.
Mean variation, maximum variation rates, and impacts of thermal variations.
Why COSC Certification Matters
For timepiece enthusiasts and connoisseurs, a COSC-certified watch isn’t just a piece of technology but a testament to lasting quality and precision. It symbolizes a watch that:
Offers excellent dependability and precision.
Offers confidence of quality across the whole design of the timepiece.
Is likely to hold its value more efficiently, making it a sound investment.
Well-known Chronometer Manufacturers
Several renowned manufacturers prioritize COSC certification for their watches, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, presents collections like the Archive and Soul, which feature COSC-validated mechanisms equipped with innovative substances like silicone equilibrium springs to improve durability and performance.
Historic Background and the Evolution of Chronometers
The notion of the chronometer originates back to the requirement for exact chronometry for navigation at sea, emphasized by John Harrison’s work in the 18th century. Since the official establishment of COSC in 1973, the accreditation has become a standard for judging the precision of luxury watches, continuing a legacy of excellence in watchmaking.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-accredited timepiece is more than an aesthetic choice; it’s a dedication to quality and accuracy. For those valuing accuracy above all, the COSC validation provides peace of thoughts, ensuring that each accredited timepiece will function reliably under various circumstances. Whether for individual contentment or as an investment decision, COSC-validated timepieces distinguish themselves in the world of horology, bearing on a tradition of precise timekeeping.
Understanding COSC Certification and Its Importance in Horology
COSC Accreditation and its Stringent Criteria
COSC, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the official Swiss testing agency that attests to the accuracy and precision of wristwatches. COSC accreditation is a sign of superior craftsmanship and trustworthiness in chronometry. Not all watch brands pursue COSC accreditation, such as Hublot, which instead sticks to its own stringent criteria with mechanisms like the UNICO, reaching equivalent precision.
The Science of Exact Chronometry
The central system of a mechanical watch involves the mainspring, which provides power as it unwinds. This mechanism, however, can be susceptible to environmental factors that may impact its precision. COSC-accredited movements undergo demanding testing—over fifteen days in various conditions (5 positions, 3 temperatures)—to ensure their durability and reliability. The tests assess:
Typical daily rate accuracy between -4 and +6 secs.
Mean variation, maximum variation rates, and impacts of temperature changes.
Why COSC Certification Matters
For watch aficionados and collectors, a COSC-accredited watch isn’t just a piece of tech but a proof to enduring quality and accuracy. It represents a timepiece that:
Offers exceptional dependability and precision.
Offers guarantee of quality across the complete design of the watch.
Is likely to maintain its worth more efficiently, making it a wise choice.
Popular Timepiece Manufacturers
Several well-known manufacturers prioritize COSC validation for their watches, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, presents collections like the Archive and Spirit, which highlight COSC-accredited movements equipped with cutting-edge substances like silicone equilibrium suspensions to enhance resilience and performance.
Historical Context and the Development of Timepieces
The idea of the timepiece dates back to the requirement for precise chronometry for navigational at sea, highlighted by John Harrison’s work in the eighteenth cent. Since the formal establishment of COSC in 1973, the validation has become a benchmark for assessing the precision of high-end watches, maintaining a tradition of excellence in watchmaking.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-certified timepiece is more than an aesthetic choice; it’s a dedication to excellence and precision. For those valuing accuracy above all, the COSC validation provides tranquility of mind, ensuring that each validated watch will operate reliably under various circumstances. Whether for personal contentment or as an investment decision, COSC-accredited timepieces stand out in the world of watchmaking, bearing on a legacy of careful timekeeping.